Characterization and insecticidal activity of two natural formulation types against the scale insect (Parlatoria ziziphi) and their biochemical effects on Citrus aurantium

Abstract Background The scale insect, Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas) (Diaspididae: Hemiptera), is one of the most serious insects in citrus orchards Egypt. efficiency two different formulation types (emulsifiable concentrates (EC) and nanoemulsions) based on essential oils Artemisia herba-alba (Asso.) (Asterales: Asteraceae) Laurus nobilis (L.) (Laurales: Lauraceae) at concentrations 3 5%, compared with commercial mineral oil, Active Cable, was examined against P. ziziphi. green formulations were named Laury relative to A. L. , respectively. physicochemical properties tested have been studied. Results All EC (EOs) as well nanoemulsions ratios EOs Tween 1:1.5 (Artemisia) 1:2 (Laury) passed all characteristics. droplet sizes successful nanoemulsions’ by ultrasonic emulsification 153.7, 113.4 nm for 139.3, 89.4 5% concentrations, caused average reductions 92.79 94.94% (nymphs females) when applied respectively, while same oil prepared 50.02 55.32% 91.74% reduction resulted from spraying Cable. Moreover, percentages 74.97, 91.52 43.7, 54.01 nanoemulsions, sprayed Although emulsions more effective reducing insect populations than nanoemulsion formulations, gradually increased time elapsed. antioxidant activities superoxide dismutase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase enzymes researched. It recognized that infestations increase plant enzyme activity defend them attack. results revealed a significant which obvious nanoemulsions. Conclusions originated EOs, especially 3% EC, could be an alternative traditional insecticides controlling .